施磷量对旱地小麦氮磷钾和干物质积累及产量的影响

针对目前农业生产中存在的施肥增产效应下降问题,研究了磷肥用量对冬小麦养分、氮磷钾和干物质积累及产量的影响,以期为高产高效施肥提供依据.在黄土高原旱地进行田间试验,设不施磷,施磷P2O5 50kg/hm2(不足)、P2O5 100 kg/hm2(适量)和P2O5 150 kg/hm2(高量)4个水平,在不同生长期采样测定...     

电场强度对氯化钠溶液在杉木中渗透能力的影响

为了研究采用电场手段改良杉木的可行性,将一定含水率的杉木板材置于不同的电场强度(极板间电势差)中,并在杉木板材上部稳定地保持一定量的氯化钠溶液,5 h后,测试板材不同高度(厚度)部位的含水率和钠离子含量,并与未在电场中渗透的杉木的对应值比较分析,研究电场强度对氯化钠溶液在杉木中渗透能力的影响,结果表明:①定向电场的存在,能促进氯化钠溶液在杉木中的渗透;②在本试验范围内,随着电场强度的增加,氯化钠溶液中水分和钠离子在杉木中、下部渗透量增加,并使各渗透层面的含水率均匀性提高.     

氮磷钾对绿玉菊生长的影响

采用水培方式,探讨不同浓度水平氮、磷、钾对绿玉菊生长的影响。分析了不同浓度氮、磷、钾处理下绿玉菊的株长、根长、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量的关系。结果表明绿玉菊的株长和叶绿素含量随氮肥浓度的增加而增长;处理5(含氮7.5mmol.L-1,含磷0.2mmol.L-1,含钾3mmol.L-1)最符合绿玉菊水培生长要求。     

Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.     

Productivity of Sargassum linearifolium in potassium fortified inland saline water under laboratory conditions

Growing aquatic species in inland saline water (ISW) is one way to reduce the adverse impact of ISW to agriculture farms. This 84‐day laboratory‐trial was conducted to study the growth of Sargassum linearifolium cultured in ocean water (OW), ISW, ISW fortified with potassium equivalent to 100% (ISW100), 66% (ISW66) and 33% (ISW33) of potassium in OW at 35 g/L. The biomass and cumulative specific growth rate (SGR) of S. linearifolium increased significantly (p < .05) with increased potassium in ISW until 56 days and then declined. The ISW100 and OW resulted in similar growth patterns and yielded peak biomass at day 42, proving static biomass for the next 28 days before declining. The biomass of S. linearifolium cultured in ISW and ISW33 significantly (p < .05) decreased and was lower than in ISW100 and died after day 56. The SGR of S. linearifolium in OW, ISW100 and ISW66 levelled off and showed no difference during the first 56 days. The S. linearifolium biomass and SGR negatively and significantly (p < .05) correlated with the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate in all waters. The increased potassium concentration in ISW similar to its concentration in SW brought the growth of S. linearifolium cultured to a level that was similar in OW.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Meltability of Mozzarella Cheese

Meltability is one of the most important properties of Mozzarella cheese, as it is generally used in pizza and other foods. Mozzarella was prepared by no salted and immature production technology, and the effect of different addition amounts of salt on the meltability of mozzarella cheese was measured by Schreiber method and small amplitude oscillatory shear analysis（SAOSA） method. The results showed that different adding amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the meltability of Mozzarella cheese, and 2% NaCl addition was the best condition. The results measured by the methods of Schreiber and SAOSA were basically same： adding different amounts of NaCl had significant influence on the hardness and elasticity of mozzarella cheese, but no significant influence on the sticky. It was a good microscopic structure arrangement of Mozzarella cheese with 2% NaCl addition. Scanning electron micrographs showed that a space grid structure formed by casein had changed, and formed many uniform molecular holes. The results indicated that different addition amounts of salt had influence on meltability of no salted immature Mozzarella cheese, and this technology could be drastically shorten the processing time.     

我国主要麦区主栽高产品种产量差异及其与 产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】明确主栽高产品种产量差异与产量构成、氮磷钾吸收利用的关系,对于通过选育优良品种,进一步优化养分管理和栽培措施,缩小产量差,以指导我国主要麦区小麦的高产优质生产。【方法】于2016—2017年度在我国黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游3个主要冬麦区进行田间试验,种植各麦区主栽高产品种,研究高产小麦品种产量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用之间的关系。【结果】黄淮北片、黄淮南片和长江中下游麦区籽粒产量均存在较大差异,分别介于7 751—8 702 kg·hm ^-2、7 302—8 413 kg·hm ^-2、5 554—到6 294 kg·hm ^-2。各麦区品种高产的原因不同,黄淮北片麦区,高产品种具有高的地上部生物量和收获指数,穗数也是高产的原因;黄淮南片麦区高的收获指数和穗粒数是高产的关键;长江中下游麦区高产的主要原因是高的收获指数和千粒重。黄淮北片麦区,高产品种有低的籽粒含氮量和需氮量以及高的氮生理效率;黄淮南片麦区,高产品种茎叶含磷量和需磷量较低,但磷生理效率和茎叶含钾量较高;长江中下游麦区,高产品种的籽粒含钾量低,籽粒含磷量和茎叶含磷钾量高,地上部氮磷吸收量高,磷生理效率低于而需磷量高于对照品种。【结论】总体来看,黄淮北片麦区鲁原118、黄淮南片濮麦168、长江中下游麦区华麦7号等具有较好的产量表现;在我国主要麦区,地上部生物量和收获指数仍是高产的关键,同时提高地上部养分吸收利用和养分收获指数,才能提高生理效率,降低养分需求量,实现小麦高产优质。     

土壤中缓效钾的批量快速测定

通过对NY/T 889—2004标准中前处理方法的改进,建立了批量、快速、准确测定的土壤中缓效钾的方法。以石墨消解代替油浴消煮测定标准土中的有效钾,以验证改进后方法的可行性。结果表明,改进后的方法一次可以测定36个样品,且3 min内沸腾时间对结果无显著影响。因此,改进后的方法操作简单、条件易控制、准确快速,能实现对土壤中缓效钾的批量、快速测定。     

C/N比对好氧堆肥中NH3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响

利用牛粪和不同比例玉米秸秆的混合,设置5个不同C/N比处理(T1=15、T2=20、T3=25、T4=30、T5=35),研究其对条垛式好氧堆肥过程中的NH_3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响。结果表明:在肥堆前24 d有11.1%～23.1%的总氮损失,堆体C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高。堆肥结束时,T1～T5处理的总氮损失率为10.1%～24.1%,其中由NH_3挥发造成的氮损失占总氮损失的30.9%～40.5%。堆肥过程的NH_3挥发主要发生在升温期和高温期,此期的NH_3挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上,是总氮损失的主要途径。堆肥前6 d各处理堆体铵态氮积累并达到最高值,导致pH值迅速升高,是造成堆肥NH_3挥发的直接原因。堆体C/N比越低,pH值越高,NH_3挥发量越大,由此造成的氮损失占总氮损失的比例越大。堆肥材料总氮的90%以上为有机氮,其降解主要发生在堆肥前24 d,堆体初始C/N比越低,有机氮矿化越快。不同有机氮组分的降解速率不同,以氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮的降解为主。当堆体初始C/N比低于25时,堆肥材料中氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮等有机态氮快速降解产生大量的铵态氮,由此导致堆体pH值的迅速升高,是导致堆肥过程中大量NH_3挥发和氮素损失的主要原因。